zerbafish

Highlights • A primary metabolite of pymetrozine, 3-pyridinecarboxaldehyde (3-PCA), is more toxic than pymetrozine to zebrafish embryos.

• 3-PCA causes morphological changes as pericardial edema and yolk sac edema.

• 3-PCA treatment refers abnormal cardiac formation and reduces heart beat rates.

• A heart development-related gene tnnt2a was significantly suppressed in the 3-PCA-treated embryos.

• 3-PCA induced hyperemia with shortened whole body length and some vasotoxic defects.

Highlights • 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) and endosulfan sulfate (ES) showed LC50 value of 1461 and 1459 µg/L, respectively.

• 3-PBA caused pericardial edema in zebrafish embryos at 1000 and 2000 µg/L concentrations and hatching rates decreased.

• Heart malformation in Tg(cmlc2:EGFP) after 3-PBA treatment was occurred, and the heart beat rate dramatically decreased.

• Seizure after ES exposure in zebrafish larvae were observed and EC50 value was reached to about 350 µg/L level.